Although the companies don’t compete directly today, Apple is reportedly building an electric self-driving vehicle under a project code-named Titan, and has attracted a number of engineers and executives away from Tesla. The Titan project is reportedly run by Doug Field, who returned to Apple in 2018 after five years at Tesla.

When asked about Tesla’s supply chain, Musk said that there’s a misperception that Tesla uses a lot of cobalt, a key material in the production of lithium-ion cells used in both smartphones and electric cars. Musk said:

“Apple uses I think almost 100% cobalt in their batteries and cell phones and laptops, but Tesla uses no cobalt in the iron-phosphate packs, and almost none in the nickel-based chemistries. On a weighted-average basis we might use 2% cobalt compared to say, Apple’s 100% cobalt. Anyway, so it’s just really not a factor.”

Some cobalt mined in places like the Democratic Republic of the Congo has been linked to human rights abuses such as child labor. In 2019, Apple, in addition to Tesla and other major technology companies, was named as defendants in a human rights lawsuit, according to The Guardian.

In a conflict minerals report published earlier this year, Apple said it publishes a list of all conflict minerals and cobalt smelters and refiners, and all of Apple’s cobalt suppliers participated in audits in 2020. An Apple representative didn’t return a request for comment.

Later in the call, Musk made a crack about Apple’s so-called “walled garden,” which is named because Apple strictly controls what software can be installed on the iPhone through its App Store. Apple’s walled garden is facing scrutiny from lawmakers and other companies, including in an antitrust trial that took place earlier this year after it was sued by Epic Games over App Store fees and policies.

Han Min-Hong, now 79, successfully tested his self-driving car on the roads of Seoul in 1993, a decade before Tesla was founded. Soon after that, it drove 300 kilometres (185 miles) on the most heavily-travelled expressway in South Korea.

Footage from the period shows the car barreling down a highway, with no one behind the wheel. A 386-chip-powered desktop computer, complete with a monitor and keyboard, is placed on the passenger seat. Han is sitting in the back, waving at the camera. He said:

“It felt extraordinary. The workload was very heavy, but me and my team had an enormous passion as it was something others hadn’t done yet, something that hadn’t come out in the world yet”.

Han Min-Hong in his office, Photo Credits: Taipei Times

The country was yet to become the tech powerhouse it is today and was still pursuing imitation rather than innovation.

However, Han’s projects were seen as dangerous. He was once asked how much he was paying for his life insurance. But Han was so convinced of his cars’ safety that he rarely wore a seat belt—and has never had life insurance. Even so, Han was unable to see much investment potential, the government eventually cut funding to his research.

Now, Elon Musk’s electric car firm Tesla is a $600-billion behemoth, while Han’s Chumdancha is a small company in Yongin, south of Seoul, where he and one other employee still develop specialist warning systems for autonomous vehicles.

Han commented:

Musk is a “tremendous and outstanding” person. He came up with his own, firm vision based on what others were doing, and that is really incredible.” But Han’s invention could have paved the way for South Korea to dominate the industry, he added regretfully.

Korea University describes Han as “a pioneer and hero in the global field of artificial intelligence“, who is known for developing the South’s first automotive navigation system and a mini-helicopter seen as a precursor to modern-day drones, as well as his autonomous vehicle work. He is seen in the South as a genius ahead of his time.

Han Min-Hong, Photo Credits: Taipei Times

Self-driving vehicles are a major technological battleground for today’s automakers, with technology giants like Google parent Alphabet spending billions of dollars in a market that is supposed to fuel vehicle sales. But Han insists the American firm’s current offerings are effectively comparable to his 1990s work.

“As Tesla is regarded as the best car in the world, if there is a chance, I would like to compare our technology to theirs. Of course, Tesla’s invested a lot of money in testing, so it might be much better when it comes to sophistication. But there shouldn’t be much different when it comes down to basic functionality.”

Han believes there are limits to what self-driving technology can achieve, and that true autonomy is beyond reach.